What is a significant emotional experience linked to the malfunctioning of specific brain circuits in Major Depressive Disorder?

In Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a significant emotional experience associated with the malfunctioning of specific brain circuits is guilt. This feeling often stems from the cognitive distortions that occur in depression, where individuals may ruminate over past actions or perceived failures, leading to excessive self-blame. Neurobiologically, alterations in neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin and norepinephrine, along with disruptions in brain regions like the prefrontal cortex and limbic system, contribute to the experience of guilt.

While apathy, joy, and anger can be relevant emotional experiences in MDD, they do not encapsulate the hallmark cognitive-affective aspects as strongly as guilt. Apathy reflects a lack of motivation and interest, often recognized in depressive states, but it doesn't specifically address the self-referential emotions that are typically intensified in MDD. Joy becomes diminished in depression, and while anger may surface, it is not as prominently linked to the characteristics of MDD as guilt is. Guilt serves as a significant emotional response in this context, illustrating the depth of distress experienced by individuals with Major Depressive Disorder and how specific brain circuits influence these feelings.