What is a common risk associated with the use of first-generation antipsychotics?

The use of first-generation antipsychotics, also known as typical antipsychotics, is commonly associated with hyperprolactinemia and extrapyramidal symptoms. Hyperprolactinemia refers to elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood, which can lead to side effects such as galactorrhea (milk production), amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), and sexual dysfunction. This condition arises from the blockade of dopamine receptors in the tuberoinfundibular pathway.

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), which include akathisia, dystonia, drug-induced parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia, occur due to the blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway. These symptoms can significantly impact a patient's quality of life and may require additional treatment to manage.

In contrast, while hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and increased risk of suicide can be concerns in psychiatric medication management, they are not the primary risks associated with first-generation antipsychotics. For instance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes are more commonly associated with second-generation antipsychotics. Therefore, the specific risks regarding hyperprolactinemia and extrapyramidal symptoms are defining characteristics of first-generation ant