What are the routes through which naloxone may be administered?

Naloxone is a medication primarily used to counteract the effects of opioid overdose and is known for its effectiveness when administered via certain routes. The correct answer highlights that naloxone can be given as a nasal spray or through an injection, which are both fast-acting methods that allow for rapid absorption into the bloodstream to quickly reverse the respiratory depression caused by opioids.

The nasal spray formulation of naloxone is convenient and can be administered by bystanders or first responders without the need for specialized training. This method is particularly valuable in emergency situations where immediate action is critical. Injection, on the other hand, can be done via intramuscular or intravenous routes, providing healthcare professionals with flexibility depending on the situation and availability of equipment.

Other administration routes mentioned, such as oral and subcutaneous, are not suitable as naloxone’s pharmacokinetics don't support effective absorption through those means. Specifically, the oral route would lead to significant first-pass metabolism in the liver, rendering it less effective in an emergency setting. Thus, highlighting the appropriate routes emphasizes naloxone's practicality and efficacy in urgent care during opioid-related emergencies.