What are symptoms associated with increased negative affect from 5HT and NE dysfunction?

The symptoms associated with increased negative affect from dysfunction in serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE) systems often manifest as feelings of guilt, fear, and anxiety. Both of these neurotransmitters play crucial roles in mood regulation, and when their function is impaired, it can lead to a heightened state of negative emotions.

Serotonin is heavily involved in the regulation of mood and anxiety levels. Low levels of serotonin are often linked to increased anxiety disorders and feelings of hopelessness or despair. Similarly, norepinephrine is associated with arousal and alertness, making it essential for the regulation of emotional responses. When there is dysregulation in these neurotransmitter systems, it can create a profound sense of fear and anxiety, as well as pervasive feelings of guilt that may not align with an individual's actual circumstances.

In contrast, an increase in self-confidence would not be typical of someone experiencing increased negative affect. Likewise, appetite increase and loss of energy, while possibly connected to other mood-related issues, do not directly relate to the specific symptoms of increased negative affect stemming from 5HT and NE dysfunction. Therefore, the symptoms of guilt and fear/anxiety represent the most accurate depiction of the emotional turmoil associated with this dysfunction.